英语写作中的过渡性词语( 二 )


8.Move logically from one idea to the next. Don't skip steps. 上下句意要合乎逻辑 。别毫无章法乱跳 。
三:避免句子冗长的三种方法
根据国外学者的调查统计 , 一个以句号结尾的英语句子 , 单词的数量最好不要超过20个 , 否则的话 , 句子偏长 , 听话人的注意力有可能不集中 , 漏听一、两个单词 , 从而影响对整个句子的理解 。为了避免句子冗长 , 通常采取两种办法 , 一种是将一个长句子 , 划分为几个短句子 , 每个短句子之间有语气上的停顿 , 让听话人有间歇的感觉 , 另外一种则是简化句子的单词构成 , 用一些简单的单词 , 代替一些复杂的单词 。下面我就给各位介绍三种常用的简化方法 。
第一种方法是用一个单词代替一组意义相同的单词 , 比如:
①用forget(忘记)代替do not remember(没有记住)
②用ignore(忽视)代替do not pay attention to(不注意)
③用now(现在)代替at this point in time(此时此刻)
④用because(由于)代替due to the fact that(鉴于下列事实)
第二种方法是省略同义词或近义词 , 比如在下面例句中 , 形容词important(重要的)和significant(有重要意义的) , 就是两个同义词(也可以说是近义词) , 我们可以省略important , 只保留significant 。
①The government project is important and significant.(这项政府计划是重要的 , 有重要意义 。)
②The government project is significant.(这项政府计划有重要意义 。)
第三种方法是在不改变句子含义的前提下 , 省略所有可以省略的单词 , 比如在下面例句中 , the cover of the book(书的封面)可以省略成the book cover , is red in color(是红色的)可以省略成is red 。
①The cover of the book is red in color.(书的封面是红色的)
②The book cover is red.(书的封面是红色的)
最后我们把这三种方法结合起来 , 将一个冗长、绕嘴的句子 , 改写成一个简短、易懂的句子 。
①University malls must be accessible and free from congestion in order that students, faculty and employees may have unobstructed passage through those areas of the campus.(校内道路必须是便于通行的 , 不拥堵的 , 以便让学生、教师和职员能够无阻碍地通过 , 到达校园的各处 。)
②University malls must be free enough from congestion to allow people to walk through easily.(校内道路不应当拥堵 , 以便人们顺利通行 。)
四:段落发展的手段及结尾段的写法
在上一讲我们讲了主题句 , 推展句的写法;这一讲我们要进一步来谈一谈段落发展的几种手段以及结尾段的写法 。
1、段落发展的几种手段
【列举法(details)】
作者运用列举法 , 是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释 , 列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行 。
Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didn't hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didn't read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadn't gone to the meeting. Then I didn't notice a sign on a door that said "Wet Paint" and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldn't get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.

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